Development of E-Recruitment Software

Advancement of E-Recruitment Software 3.7 Advantages Disadvantages of E-Recruitment There are numerous advantages both to the businesses and the activity searchers however the not likewise liberated from a couple of inadequacies. A portion of the points of interest and the impediments of e â€Recruitment are as per the following: Points of interest of E-Recruitment (For the Proposed System) are: Lower expenses to the association. Likewise, posting occupations online is less expensive than publicizing in the papers. No mediators. Decrease in the ideal opportunity for enrollment (more than 60 percent of the employing time). Encourages the enrollment of right sort of individuals with the necessary aptitudes. Improved productivity of enrollment Process Gives a 24*7 access to online assortment of resumes. Online enrollment encourages the associations to get rid of the unfit up-and-comers in a computerized manner. Enrollment sites additionally furnish customer organizations with important information and data in regards to the remuneration offered by their rivals which causes the HR administrators to take different HR choices like advancements, compensation patterns in industry and so forth Weaknesses of E-Recruitment Apart from the prior named benefits, e-enlistment has its own bad marks/detriments. Some of them are: Screening and checking the aptitude mapping and validness of a large number of resumes is an issue and tedious exercise for associations. Web get to is yet to turn into a family unit need and not a need as there is still practically no mindfulness in numerous areas across Nigeria. In Nigeria, the businesses and the workers despite everything favor an up close and personal communication as opposed to sending messages. Different clients can approach the framework gave the person in question meets the pre condition Unsatisfactory changes can be made to any of the editable data subtleties for example refreshing bogus records. Unapproved staff are prohibited from gaining admittance to the office by and large Substance RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM OF THE APPLICATION (ER DIAGRAM) DATABASE DESIGN FOR THE E-HIRING APPLICATION Part Four Framework DESIGN 4.1 System configuration is change from a client arranged record to software engineers or information base staff. The plan is an answer on the best way to move toward the production of another framework. This is made out of a few stages. It gives the understanding and procedural subtleties fundamental for executing the framework suggested in the possibility study. Planning includes the coherent and physical phases of advancement, sensible structures audits the present physical framework, gets ready information and yield determination, subtleties of execution design and set up a legitimate plan walkthrough. The database tables are planned by breaking down capacities engaged with the framework and configuration of the fields is likewise structured. The fields in the database tables ought to characterize their job in the framework. The superfluous fields ought to be stayed away from in light of the fact that it influences the capacity regions of the framework. At that point the structure of the information and yield screen ought to be made easy to use. The menu ought to be exact and smaller. 4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM The recently structured framework ought to improve the usefulness of the current framework. It would deal with the shortages for example issues experienced utilizing the manual arrangement of enlistment. It will have a self assistance module for the applicant’s enlistment. The proposed framework will be easy to use which makes it simpler, quicker, and progressively solid to utilize. For this task, the stage will have a site which any client of web can get to. When the candidates have enlisted they can send their subtleties and the framework will naturally store them in the particular fields. The client ought to have the option to: Login to the framework through the main page of utilization Concentrate and mechanize organization of the application at the departmental level. Utilize self-administration and independently directed administrations (candidates enlistment) Solidify enlistment exercises on an adaptable electronic stage Bolster compactness and measures Customize content and empower trade of candidates Oversee candidates Handle candidate choice and sending of sends to fruitful candidates Show scores and transcripts 4.1 SOFTWARE DESIGN: Design OF THE NEW SYSTEM In structuring the product certain standards are followed: 1. Measured quality and parceling: Software is structured with the end goal that, every framework should comprise of an order of modules, divided to do explicit capacities. 2. Coupling: Modules ought to have little reliance on different modules of a framework. 3. Union: Modules should complete a solitary handling capacity. 4. Common use: Avoid duplication by permitting a solitary module to be called by others that need the capacity it gives. 4.2 PROCESS REQUIREMENTS USE-CASE Modeling The primary target of building the prerequisites use-case model is to evoke and dissect necessities data which assists with setting up a model that imparts what is required from a client point of view yet is liberated from explicit subtleties of how the framework will be manufactured and executed. Cockburn, A (2001), takes note of that â€Å"a use case catches an agreement, depicts the system’s conduct under different conditions as the framework reacts to a solicitation from one of its stakeholders†. Generally, an utilization case clarifies basically how a client (who can assume various jobs) associates with the framework under a particular situation. Pressman, S.R (2010), depicts Use Case as how a client cooperates with the framework by characterizing the means required to achieve a particular objective. Utilizing this methodology will create a progressively powerful structure that will be in three modules database, business rationale and interface. The utilization of the cascade framework, RAD (fast application improvement) with iterative and steady advancement takes into consideration the presentation of new prerequisites later in the venture without genuinely influencing the advancement of the last arrangement. The means required to create this model are the accompanying: Recognize business on-screen characters. Recognize business necessity use cases. Build use-case model outline. Record business necessity use-case stories. The undertaking is relied upon to address the accompanying zones:- Candidates Registration work class creation work Information Management Module shortlisted candidates Information Management Module The enlistment and the board of the Company resource will contain the accompanying special data things: Name of candidates, Candidates subtleties Application id, messages, discipline, expected set of responsibilities grade Engineering AND DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW SYSTEM Since the proposed framework is electronic and will be an ERP (undertaking Resource arranging), application staff can Login at anyplace to access the framework. The graphical interface that would be embraced for this testing framework is one whereby there is an examination with the customary login framework where one client is allowed to login to the framework at once, various client login is unthinkable. The new framework is increasingly dependable and secure, and in light of the fact that it is an online application, it very well may be sent on the focal server, where other work stations can be associated with it once they are on the system and clients will have the option to see the application. This clarifies the idea of the adaptability of the testing framework to be created. 4.5 INPUT DESIGN The candidate enlistment structure will be planned with the end goal that it will incorporate all data required about the staff work obligations. The substance of this structure will be like the printed copy structure as of now being used for staff evaluation An example of a portion of the fields in the candidate Reg structure interface is delineated beneath: Part FIVE: Usage OF THE PROJECT 5.1 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION OVERVIEW The improvement of the enlistment (E-employing) framework for the HR branch of Visafone Company is comprised of three layers in particular: The Interface Layers. The Middle level Layers(Business Logic) The Database Structure(Housing the database tables and put away methodology) This n level way to deal with the development, structure and execution of the venture is to guarantee that the application is steady and reliable to such an extent that any progressions on any of the layers won't influence different layers. For example, if the database is changed from Microsoft SQL to Oracle, every one of that should be done is an adjustment in association and not an adjustment in the whole three level application. The key called â€Å"HR† (situated between the two ) is the association string while the key â€Å"SMTP† is the server design that interfaces with the inner mail server to send sends. A Class (Human.cs) was made as a holder for all the strategies that will be utilized by the application in light of the fact that the ideas of article arranged writing computer programs was utilized. 5.1.1 HARDWARE Windows 7 working framework Visual studio implanted on Windows 7 working framework for advancement PC 60GB HDD 2GB RAM 5.1.2 SOFTWARE Visual studio 2010 C# programming language SQL 2008 server as back end database Microsoft Visio 2007 5.2IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE Usage of the online enrollment application (E-HIRING framework) experienced numerous phases which are: 5.2.1 Database Construction After the establishment of Microsoft SQL 2008 server, another database named HRManagement was made utilizing the SQL Enterprise Manager. The database was developed utilizing the flowchart structured in the past section with the end goal that segments and table characteristics required for the application were made. The accompanying tables and their comparing boundaries were made for this database. tbl_vaccancy tbl_HR tbl_Applicant tbl_ApplicantRegistration tbl_event tbl_department tbl_interviewer tbl_RegisterUser tbl_AllRequest 5.2.2 Web server Configuration To design the web server, Microsoft Internet Information Service (IIS) was introduced on the machine to be utilized for facilitating the website pages to be gotten to. This is finished by:

Pick a chemical industry or book chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pick a synthetic industry or book part - Essay Example Present day innovation, as we probably am aware it today, extraordinarily relies upon silicon-based items. Most of building stone, dirts and silica are the silicon items and endlessly utilized in the development business. Glass, polymers, silicon-metals and earthenware production and semiconductors produced using silicon are ease take into consideration top notch bundling (Wilamowski and Irwin 145). The last wares of silicon are completely important in the cutting edge world in view of our tremendous reliance on this component. On the off chance that silicon based products are short the world economy may crumple. Innovation and development industry can't make due without silicon-based items. Basic mixes, for example, silicate minerals or silica, otherwise called unrefined silicon dioxide, structure the foundation of the development business. Portland concrete is a critical and item of silicon. It is generally joined with rock and sand to make concrete. Silicon is additionally used to make a fired called firebrick. Regular aluminum phyllosilicates structures a fundamental segment of the whiteware pottery. Additionally porcelain is regularly utilized in workmanship ventures and for household purposes. Silica-based soft drink lime glass or the basic glass that is utilized in homes is additionally a silicon item. Lastly fiberglass, glass filaments and optical strands (counting glassful) are the finished results of silicon component that structure the spine in earthenware production industry. Most of industry delivered silicon is kept in ferrosilicon compound structure. About 15% of the universes creation of metallurgical evaluation silicon is utilized in semiconductors. The component utilized for this reason for existing is exceptionally refined and just structures a small amount of the all out creation. Silicon’s crystalline nature gives it noteworthy electrical and mechanical points of interest (Maluf and Williams 13). The monocrystalline silicon structure is utilized in incorporated circuits and as far as influence (contrasting the amount delivered against its use) the profoundly refined structure is very significant in the hardware

Creating Amazing Writing Skills With Literary Essays

Creating Amazing Writing Skills With Literary EssaysWriting literary essays should be a fun process as long as the essay subject matter is really interesting to you. The key is to write essays that you feel truly passionate about and it will not matter how good or bad they are. If you're not really writing for the right reasons, it will look artificial and will not be as engaging as your story may be.Writing literary essays can be a little bit challenging, but it is not impossible to do. There are so many tools and resources available to help writers improve their skills and make their stories, essays and articles more engaging. There are many writers who have written stories and essays with nothing but their own two hands, and the end results speak for themselves.The most common mistakes writers make when they start writing essays, stories and articles is that they make the mistake of always thinking that what they are writing is supposed to be the 'best' essay or story. They think that if they write a very good essay, then their essay or story will also be extremely valuable and interesting. This is just not true, and this is why you should get all the help you can get from reading other's work and developing your own style, writing skills and writing style.It is very easy to find so many writers on the internet and even on other resources who are willing to help you develop your writing skills and writing styles by sharing their experiences and opinions with you and with others. By reading their work and giving your own personal touches to it, you are sure to come up with a unique and creative writing style that is absolutely unique and original. You need to remember that writing literary essays, stories and articles is not easy. It takes time and practice, so you need to be patient and able to put in the work and perseverance will go a long way in improving your skills and in making your writing style unique and captivating.Other people who think they can e asily write an essay or story without any effort might be surprised to find out how difficult it is to do this. You will have to put in a lot of work and dedication and you will have to learn how to build a good story line and pacing. This is the same for essays, stories and articles as well. But it does not mean that you cannot write, because you will just have to make sure that what you write is really worth sharing with others.As soon as you start to learn more about the craft and realize that you can make some great things, it will start to excite you. Reading the works of other writers who have done something similar or have the ability to do the same things that you can do will help you a lot in making sure that you do not do the same mistakes that they did. It will give you a lot of ideas for improvement in order to make sure that your writing is not lacking in quality.People who write literary essays or articles need to be very careful about what they write and how they writ e it. They should try not to write something that is not authentic, real and heartfelt. They should also write a story that is original and have some substance, but still staying true to the format of the topic that they are writing about. If a person uses the same words or phrases repeatedly, this may turn off the reader.When writing literary essays, stories and articles, you should always be very careful and do not forget that it takes a lot of patience and perseverance. If you are just beginning to write, then you need to understand that you will be writing for a very long time. You need to make sure that you don't lose your enthusiasm for writing.

The Impact Of Media On The War On Iraq And Afghanistan

Ever since the outbreak of war in both Iraq and Afghanistan there has been a large interest surrounding the news coverage of international conflicts and the governments’ best efforts to manage it. The truth is often blurred in the ‘fog of war’, as Knightly (2003) wrote in The First Casualty and it had started to manifest within the reporting of Iraq as the government pushed for sympathetic media coverage to legitimise and sustain war. The media was acknowledged as essential for the propaganda to â€Å"win the hearts and minds† (Allan Zelizer, 2004) of the public. Therefore, from the pre-war period and onwards, many media conglomerates became competitive in a pressure to be ‘first’ to report on the war. This resulted in the increased use of ‘embedded’ journalists. However, these journalists were soon faced obstacles of censorship from the military and political officials, as the government tried to â€Å"spread the idea the war i s an acceptable part of modern life.† (Miller, 2003, p. 68) Embedded journalism became rather discredited during Iraq. â€Å"The phrase came to evoke an image of the supposedly independent correspondent truckling to military mentors who spoon-feed him or her absurdly optimistic information about the course of the war.† (The Independent, 2010) After news anchors, embedded journalists had become largest identifiable form of reportage during this time with embeds constituting for 17 per cent of the coverage. (Allan Zelizer, 2004, p. 287-288) This coverageShow MoreRelatedThe Border Between Afghanistan And Pakistan893 Words   |  4 Pagesunited states are sending more and more troops into Afghanistan which will lead to more deaths in the end. In broad terms we are invading there country. 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Breaking The Limitations Of Music - 2045 Words

Jordan Stock 1321201 December 15th 2015 Dr. Andrew Mitchell Music History 2B03 Breaking The Limitations In Music Music has always been seen as a way of entertainment. Throughout many eras musicians have kept their ways to their traditions. From instrumentation to the composition itself. Throughout the ages, music has mostly been a set in stone factor. But since the 20th century things have begun to change. Musicians are breaking away from the traditions of the past and reaching new areas of music. Technology is developing to creating new sounds and instruments can change how to be played and used. That musical styles have been developed and the compositions have altered with devices that can record and playback music in your own home†¦show more content†¦With his developments, the music world has heard a new sound. One of his major creations in music is in fact a wire recorder. This machine may not seem like much but it has been able record then playback music in your own home without the instruments themselves. This has truly become a great breakthrough instead of needing a musician in the household to keep smaller gatherings entertained. Now they can be entertained with only themselves. As said by brindle: â€Å"(One of the first electronic music compositions - John Cage’s Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) - had oscillator frequencies recorded on two 78 r.p.m. gramophone records, but normally such a system was too expensive and inflexible to be practicable.) It took a world war to produce what was almost the right instrument - the wire recorder - which was later replaced by the tape recorder, so manipulated, made permanent, or discarded, with incredible ease and at negligible cost. Once the tape recorder was perfected (about 1950), and its potentialities fully realized, other electronic sound equipment (either already existing or suitably modified) could be assembled to form the first electronic music studio† (99, Brindle). This development of the Wire recorder has lead to such great historical developments. From the wire recorder lead to the tape recorder and soon music was able to be taken anywhere anyone wished it to be. The development of the wire recorder was originally made by John Cage

Compare And Contrast Malala Yousafzai And Houston - 797 Words

†Success is not final, failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts.† (Winston Churchill) In times when one’s faith is shaken, standing one’s ground can be difficult. However, in these dire circumstances, some endure and fight in spite of adversity. Malala Yousafzai, survivor of a Taliban shooting, and Sam Houston, hero of San Jacinto, both displayed these traits. They fought without any regards to public opinion; Sam Houston defended his ideologies, whereas Malala fought for her rights, but they both sacrificed their wants for the cause. Despite their differences, Malala Yousafzai and Sam Houston both exhibited their fierce tenacity and courage as they gritted through their struggles. When the public eye is involved,†¦show more content†¦While both Sam Houston and Malala Yousafzai certainly exuded courage, their hindrances differed greatly. As important as the preservation of the union was to Houston, its dissolution would arguably not have left countless children unable to attend school. Moreover, Houston’s family didn’t have to constantly worry for his safety like Yousafzai’s mother. While a speech denouncing succession in Waco resulted in the â€Å"explosion of a keg of powder behind the hotel in which he slept unharmed,† (205) that fear pales in comparison to the terror of not knowing if one’s child will live to the next day. Ziauddin, Malala’s father and fellow girl’s education advocate, too, received threats, but always fretted more over the safety of his daughter. â€Å"‘I personally am more comfortable when she leads a normal life,’ he [said]. ‘Too much light on her disturbs meâ €™â€  (Roth). Even though Houston’s ideology of preservation proved a powerful, albeit dangerous, stance to take, his circumstances differed deeply from Malala’s. However different their undertakings, both individuals willingly made sacrifices to their cause. As she spent most of her time speaking at events and accepting awards, Malala’s studies, the very thing she advocated and spoke about, fell behind. She remarked â€Å"After the exams in March the cup that went into my new cabinet was for second place† (226). Additionally, she almost ended up paying for her advocacy with her life

Chinas Outskirts Territories Competitive Advantages

Question: Describe about the China's outskirts territories have increased competitive advantages? Answer: Introduction In this report, researchers aim to introduce the Core-periphery model in aspect of China and territories of Far East. The model is initiated with identifying the primary country as China and the report contains country and territory map observation with justifications. The periphery of China is identified as Japan, Korea, and Taiwan and the surrounding territories. Again, the Mainland and Insular is the farthest territory of China (Weightman, 2011). Now the report includes the part of the China core and periphery maps for further justification of the border regions. The evaluation of the threats and opportunities will be performed with core-periphery model of China. In addition, China faces some initial threats with developing aspects of the periphery regions (Faber, 2014). The report moreover emphasizes the zone-wise strengths, weaknesses with respect to the overall economic and other aspects. Map Observation Considering the outcome of the report, to recognize the periphery zones of China, it is seen that China has set up its center position inside of the worldwide commercial context. The main reason is that it already acquired a concrete financial position globally. In such a way, according to Bosker et al., (2012), it is viewed that in the midst of the East Asian nations Japan, Korea and Taiwan are being considered as China's peripheral regions. In the meantime, it can be additionally identified that South Asian nations, for instance, Indonesia and Myanmar can be viewed as a China's neighborhood (Tickner, 2013). Moreover, it is recognized that Southeast Asian nations, for instance, Mainland and Insular are additionally being considered as China's periphery. Figure 1: China with Core-periphery model (Source: Worldmap.harvard.edu, 2016, https://worldmap.harvard.edu/chinamap/) As Lu et al., (2013) suggested, China picked up more development in every aspects as transportation, education, public health and others in periphery regions with their resource engagement. The people of China are congested in the periphery regions mostly, as the public safety, transportation systems, net migration rate to the periphery is more rather than the core regions. In this connection, it can be additionally affirmed that China has picked up notoriety inside of its fringe because of sway qualities (Robinson et al., 2013). Additionally, it can be added in this aspect as China is developed with their people strength and resources expertise in the periphery regions. Li Wei, (2014) opined that the periphery region of China incorporated more development depending on the people culture and their domestic habits. For instance, most people preferred the migration from the core regions to the outer ring of China. Moreover, the researchers identified that as surging population in the periphery, therefore the people faces more feasibility and flexibilities in living. The people with standard income stay in Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, in short mostly in the periphery regions. With respect to the agricultural aspect and infrastructure improvement, China incorporated immense advancement and technical improvement in the outer ring zones with competitive advantages (Prithwiraj, James Tarun, 2012). Moreover, the non-public and public universities are situated in the western sides of China. Country Map Figure 2: China: Fuels, Power, Minerals, and Metals (Source: Worldmap.harvard.edu, 2016, https://worldmap.harvard.edu/chinamap/) Justification of Country Map Taking into account the perspective of Yu et al., (2012), it is distinguished that Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Mainland and Insular are being considered as a outer regions of China. Additionally, it is seen that all these above-mentioned countries are perceived as dependent over China because of the core regions. In such way, considering the outcome of the report, the development led China to pick up core positions in the midst of the periphery zones (Friedmann, 1966). It can be affirmed that the net relocation per area is high if China implemented the industries, where other neighbor countries have not, for example, Hong Kong, South Korea and Mainland and Insular among others. In the meantime, it is viewed that normal urban communities of China are mostly situated in adjacent ocean regions, which can be viewed as a prime causes that lead China to pick up center positions in the midst of its outskirts territories. The map is selected for the China and its outer energy resources are identified as the fuels, minerals, and metal. Most of the petroleum refinery, Shale Oil refinery, oilfields, gas fields and oil basin is located in the western and eastern boundaries. The thermal plans and hydro plants are located in the lower regions adjacent to the Shanghai, Beijing and other primary cities. The non-ferrous minerals as the Antimony, Copper, lead, Magnetite, Mercury and others are sourced in the outer ocean regions. Again, the ferrous minerals are sourced in the western outskirts of China. Evaluation of Threats and Opportunities of Core Periphery Areas Considering the outcome of the project and evaluation is performed with respect to the core and periphery regions of China, it can be declared that China's outskirts territories have increased competitive advantages. The advantages are with infrastructure development as the neighboring countries have monetary support from the core regions of China (Faber, 2014). At the same time, it can be additionally specified that sound monetary conditions likewise might profited the periphery ranges of China with profits. Again, it helps different countries to build up worldwide associations with China. As an impact, both China and its outer region countries might improve their chances inside of the worldwide setting. On the contrary, to highlight the chances of center and periphery model, it can be stated that China's "Inside Ring" comprise of 14 countries, which impart their outskirts to China (Prithwiraj, James Tarun, 2012). In this connection, it can be expressed that through the help of political quality and efficient quality China might help its fringe zones to get financial advantages. Then again, the remote arrangement and provincial strategies of China has offered the country to pick up core assistance with positioning inside of the Asia Pacific Zone, which can be viewed as a one of the prime qualities of China. Then again, with a specific outcome to highlight the dangers of outskirts regions, it can be declared that outer zones might lead security related dangers for a center country. In connection to this, it can be additionally attested that China has seen more noteworthy dangers from its fringe regions as far as terrorism, security perils, and division among others. In such way, Tickner, (2013) opined that outskirt regions face dangers additionally with hampering the monetary development of a country through influencing exchange relations and transportation open doors for a country. As usual, the outer zones have started the challenges for a country through influencing the regular resources of the core regions. For this situation, it is viewed that China has confronted critical dangers from outskirt regions with lack of migration and transport problems (Lu et al., 2014). With respect to the countries advantages, addressing the necessities and in addition development prodigies, China has created greater advantages that might help the country to relieve such sorts of danger and dangers in a more determined way. Conclusion After considering the outcome of the project and evaluation is performed with respect to the core and periphery regions of China, it can be declared that China's outskirts territories have increased competitive advantages. The advantages are with infrastructure development as the neighboring countries have monetary support from the core regions of China. In this report, researchers aim to introduce the Core-periphery model in aspect of China and territories of Far East. The model is initiated with identifying the primary country as China and the report contains country and territory map observation with justifications. Again, it helps different countries to build up worldwide associations with China. As an impact, both China and its outer region countries might improve their chances inside of the worldwide setting. References Bosker, M., Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., Schramm, M. (2012). Relaxing Hukou: Increased labor mobility and Chinas economic geography.Journal of Urban Economics,72(2), 252-266. Faber, B. (2014). Trade integration, market size, and industrialization: evidence from China's National Trunk Highway System.The Review of Economic Studies,81(3), 1046-1070. Friedmann, J. (1966).Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela.Cambridge, MA, and London: The M.I.T. Press. Li, Y., Wei, Y. D. (2014). Multidimensional inequalities in health care distribution in provincial China: A case study of Henan Province.Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie,105(1), 91-106. Lu, C., Wu, Y., Shen, Q., Wang, H. (2013). Driving force of urban growth and regional planning: A case study of China's Guangdong Province.Habitat international,40, 35-41. Prithwiraj, C., James, A., Tarun, K. (2012). A coreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ peripheryframework to navigate emerging market governmentsqualitative evidence from a biotechnology multinational.Global Strategy Journal,2(1), 71-87. Robinson, R. N., Ritchie, B. W., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Baum, T., Ford, R. C. (2013). An Asia-Pacific coreperiphery futures paradox: Divergent worker and tourist mobilities.Journal of Travel Research, 0047287513513164. Tickner, A. B. (2013). Core, periphery and (neo) imperialist International Relations.European Journal of International Relations,19(3), 627-646. Weightman, B.A. (2011).Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Worldmap.harvard.edu,. (2016). ChinaMap. Retrieved 27 February 2016, from https://worldmap.harvard.edu/chinamap/ Yu, N., De Jong, M., Storm, S., Mi, J. (2012). The growth impact of transport infrastructure investment: A regional analysis for China (19782008).Policy and Society,31(1), 25-38.

Plasmid DNA free essay sample

Definition, genetic roles, step-by-step isolation process, genetic engineering. PLASMID DNA Introduction Plasmid DNA is one of three related genetic elements of all living organisms, chromosomal DNA, plasmids or plasmid-DNA, and the so-called transposable elements that co-exist with the other two and can enhance genetic instability among organisms (5:28). Plasmids have become crucial to medicine and genetics because they are capable of being transformed artificially and of transmitting on their own, from generation to generation, certain resistances or immunities to antibiotic chemicals or other environmental inputs. The Role(s) of Plasmid DNA Postgate introduces the study of microbiology by revealing that 90 percent of living material lies in the microorganisms; thus, they are responsible..

The Creation of Britain’s Welfare State

The Creation of Britain’s Welfare State Before World War 2, Britains welfare - such as payments to support the sick - was overwhelmingly provided by private, volunteer institutions. But a change in outlook during the war allowed Britain to construct a Welfare State after the war: a country where the government provided a comprehensive welfare system to support everyone in their time of need. It remains largely in place today. Welfare Before the Twentieth Century In the twentieth century, Britain put into effect the modern Welfare State. However, the history of social welfare in Britain did not begin in this era, as people had spent centuries reforming how to deal with the sick, the poor, the unemployed and other people struggling with poverty. Churches and parishes had emerged from the medieval period with the leading role in caring for the disadvantaged, and Elizabethan poor laws clarified and reinforced the role of the parish. As the industrial revolution transformed Britain - as populations grew, gathered in expanding urban areas, and took up new jobs in ever increasing numbers - so the system to support people also evolved, sometimes with government laws once again clarifying efforts, setting contribution levels and providing care, but frequently thanks to charities and independently run bodies. Despite reformers trying to explain the reality of the situation, easy and mistaken judgments of the disadvantaged continued to be widespread, with poverty often being attributed to idleness or poor behavior rather than socio-economic factors, and there was no over-riding belief that the state should run its own system of universal welfare. People who wanted to help, or needed help, thus had to turn to the volunteer sector. These created a vast voluntary network, with mutual societies and friendly societies providing insurance and support. This has been called a mixed welfare economy, as it was a mixture of state and private initiatives. Some parts of this system included the workhouses, places where people would find work and shelter, but at a level so basic they would be encouraged to seek outside work to better themselves. On the other end of the modern compassion scale, you had bodies set up by professions such as miners, into which they paid insurance and which protected them from accident or illness. 20th Century Welfare Before Beveridge The origins of the modern Welfare State in Britain are often dated to 1906, when Herbert Asquith and the Liberal party gained a landslide victory and entered government. They would go on to introduce welfare reforms, but they did not campaign on a platform of doing so; in fact, they avoided the issue. But soon their politicians were making changes to Britain because there was pressure building to act. Britain was a rich, world leading nation, but if you looked you could easily find people who were not just poor, but actually living below the poverty line. The pressure to act and unify Britain into one mass of secure people and counter the feared division of Britain into two opposed halves (some people felt this had already happened), was summed up by Will Crooks, a Labour MP who said in 1908 Here in a country rich beyond description there are people poor beyond description. The early twentieth century reforms included a means-tested pension, non-contributory, pension for people over seventy (the Old Age Pensions Act), as well as the National Insurance Act of 1911 which provided health insurance. Under this system, the friendly societies and other bodies continued to run the healthcare institutions, but the government organized the payments in and out. Insurance was the key idea behind this, as there was reluctance among the Liberals over raising income taxes to pay for the system. (Its worth noting that German Chancellor Bismarck took a similar insurance over direct tax route in Germany.) The Liberals faced opposition, but Lloyd George managed to persuade the nation. Other reforms followed in the inter-war period, such as the Widows, Orphans, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act of 1925. But these were making changes to the old system, tacking on new parts, and as unemployment and then depression strained the welfare apparatus, people began to look for other, far larger scale, measures, which would ditch the idea of the deserving and undeserving poor completely. The Beveridge Report In 1941, with World War 2 raging and no victory in sight, Churchill still felt able to order a commission to investigate how to rebuild the nation after the war. This included a committee which would span multiple government departments and would investigate the nations welfare systems and recommend improvements. Economist, Liberal politician and employment expert William Beveridge was made the chairman of this commission. Beveridge was an ambitious man, and he came back on December 1st, 1942 with The Beveridge Report (or Social Insurance and Allied Services as it was officially known). His involvement had been so great his fellows had decided to sign it with just his signature. In terms of Britains social fabric, this is arguably the most important document of the twentieth century. Published just after the first major Allied victories, and tapping into this hope, Beveridge made a raft of recommendations for transforming British society and ending want. He wanted cradle to the grave security (while he did not invent this term, it was perfect), and although the ideas were rarely new, more a synthesis, they were published and accepted so widely by an interested British public as to make them an intrinsic part of what the British were fighting for: win the war, reform the nation. Beveridges Welfare State was the first officially proposed, fully integrated system of welfare (although the name was by then a decade old). This reform was to be targeted. Beveridge identified five giants on the road to reconstruction that would have to be beaten: poverty, disease, ignorance, squalor, and idleness. He argued these could be solved with a state-run insurance system, and in contrast to the schemes of previous centuries, a minimum level of life would be established that was not extreme or punishing the sick for not being able to work. The solution was a welfare state with social security, a national health service, free education for all children, council-built and run housing, and full employment. The key idea was that everyone who worked would pay a sum to the government for as long as they worked, and in return would have access to government aid for the unemployed, ill, retired or widowed, and extra payments to aid those pushed to the limit by children. The use of universal insurance removed the means test from the welfare system, a disliked - some may prefer hated - pre-war way of determining who should receive relief. In fact, Beveridge didnt expect government expenditure to rise, because of the insurance payments coming in, and he expected people to still save money and do the best for themselves, very much in the thinking of the British liberal tradition. The individual remained, but the State provided the returns on your insurance. Beveridge envisaged this in a capitalist system: this was not communism. The Modern Welfare State In the dying days of World War 2, Britain voted for a new government, and the campaigning of the Labour government brought them into power (Beveridge wasnt elected.) All the main parties were in favor of the reforms, as Labour had campaigned for them and promoted them as a just reward for the war effort, they commenced, and a series of acts and laws were passed. These included the National Insurance Act in 1945, creating compulsory contributions from employees and relief for unemployment, death, sickness, and retirement; the Family Allowances Act providing payments for large families; the Industrial Injuries Act of 1946 providing a boost for people harmed at work; Aneurin Bevans 1948 National Health Act, which created a universal, free for all social healthcare system; the 1948 National Assistance Act to help all in need. The 1944 Education act covered the teaching of children, more acts provided Council Housing, and reconstruction began to eat into unemployment. The vast network of volunteer welfare services merged into the new government system. As the acts of 1948 are seen as key, this year is often called the start of Britains modern Welfare State. Evolution The Welfare State was not forced; in fact, it was widely welcomed by a nation which had largely demanded it after the war. Once the Welfare State was created it continued to evolve over time, partly due to the changing economic circumstances in Britain, but partly due to the political ideology of the parties which moved in and out of power. The general consensus of the forties, fifties, and sixties began to change in the late seventies, when Margaret Thatcher and the Conservatives began a series of reforms regarding the size of the government. They wanted fewer taxes, less spending, and so a change in welfare, but equally were faced with a welfare system that was starting to become unsustainable and top heavy. There were thus cuts and changes and private initiatives began to grow in importance, starting a debate over the role of the state in welfare which continued through to the election of the Tories under David Cameron in 2010, when a Big Society with a return to a mixed welfare e conomy was touted.

Management dissertation 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management dissertation 1 - Essay Example The policies and the practices within the organizational framework depend highly on its ability to adapt itself within an intensified competitive environment. (Dragun, n.d) In this research, a definite identical step has been taken forward in order to establish Sainsbury’s customer service taking in view both theoretical and its practical implications. Literally speaking on the prompt customer services (Heller, 2005) provided by different organizations largely depends on the motivation of the entities within the organization. (Xu, 2007) (Thomas, 2004) Management at Sainsbury has been on a constant lookout for maintaining quality and price in the various food products. (Analysis on the key factors affecting motivation of the staff at Sainsbury’s and the effect it has upon customer service, n.d) (Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign on behalf of Sainsbury’s, 2010) Both go hand-in-hand for better customer satisfaction. Customer needs (Heller, 2005) and speci fications are taken into consideration in formulating quality and price. This has invariably shown in their consistent sales performance with total sales reaching higher than 20K mark in the 2009 fiscal. (Annual Report and Financial Statements, 2009) Before carrying out a steady study on the stated issue it becomes important to have a review of the literature on such topic for consideration. (Corporate Objectives, 2009) Therefore, the following paper would lead to a sincere effort of understanding and verifying in fulfilling the objectives the paper is up to. The literature review discussion is followed by methodology, findings and analysis. Finally a summary of the whole study with a conclusion is stated. The main aim is to identify the managerial implementation in terms of marketing, selling, advertising and service standards communicated to potential customers at Sainsbury. In short, Service Quality (SERVQUAL) is

Environmental impact assessment for proposed developments in Prembrey Essay

Environmental impact assessment for proposed developments in Prembrey Airport - Essay Example It also provides mitigative measures for any possible negative impacts. The study considers both the physical and social environment. The main aim of EIA is to promote a sustainable environment where the current developer does not compromise the ability of future generations to enjoy the same resources. This work entails an EIA study into the proposed developments or extension of Pembrey Airport in reference to likely fires in the new freight and customs warehouse as well as on the runway (Morgan, 2000). The report covers the project description, the existing environmental status of the site, the likely positive and negative environmental impacts, mitigation measures as well as the environmental legislations with respect to fire prevention in such developments among other issues. The EIA team carried out the project assessment using a combination of methods including ground surveys, questionnaires and interviews with the neighbors. Existing literature on statutory and other requirements was also reviewed (Wood, 2003). During the study, various Acts and Regulations were reviewed to gather information which would help in preparing the EMPs. The following baseline information was derived from the assessment of the proposed project: †¢ The project is being developed in a well-established commercial zone. †¢ Public consultations revealed that there were no significant negative environmental impacts resulting from the project. †¢ The project involves the management of socioeconomic effects and hence requires a detailed EMP. †¢ The project has significant positive socioeconomic and economic importance with potential for employment generation. This report contains the Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the proposed runway extension in Pembrey Airport. The proponent, Carmarthenshire County Council, contracted an environmental team to conduct the EIA study of the proposed development with regard to likely fires during the implementation and the operational phases of the project. The proposed site is situated within the recreational areas like the Ffos Las racecourse as well as the Machynys Championship’s golf course. Pembrey Airport is located about 11.8 km north-west of Llanelli and 17.9 km south of Carmarthen. The facility is used for training purposes, loading and offloading of cargoes, landings and takes-off among others. It is also situated a few kilometers from the Royal landing base but within a safe range. In this case, the client wanted to extend the length of the runway to 2400 meters (7.874 ft). This is to enable operations of the Air Bus A320 passenger aircraft, VIP corporate jets and horse/race car carrying freighters. Furthermore, the proponent wishes the facility to accommodate large military aircraft like C130 used for both monitoring logistics and training purposes. In addition to the runway, the proponent, Carmarthenshire County Council, plans to explore the full potential of the facility by proposing for developments of new terminal, customs as well as freight buildings for the site. The proposed development is greatly appreciated by the legislators of Welsh government since it would benefit the Carmarthenshire region and serve both the southern and western parts of Wales. This would

Children’s Functional Health Pattern Essay Example for Free

Children’s Functional Health Pattern Essay Toddlers believe rules are absolute and behave out of fear of punishment. The toddler will respond with good behavior for positive feedback. These  values and beliefs are learned. Preschoolers frequently express their values by stating who or what they like or what they want to be when they grow up. Preschoolers receive modeling of values from involved adults, peers, as they develop their morality. School-Age children’s values come from religion, cultural, and parental values influences. These factors shape a child’s moral development, and concept of right and wrong. School-age children are able to make decisions related to moral and ethical issues. Parents may cater to their toddler when they are misbehaving, giving them more attention when they are bad than when they are good. This make the toddler believe that behaving badly gets their parents attention. Parents need to remember to reward good behavior, and to emphasize rewards for acceptable behavior and minimizing attention for unwanted behavior. Parents may not have firm and established rules, making it confusing for the toddler to distinguish right from wrong. Peers or inappropriate content on television can negatively influence preschooler’s values and beliefs. Parents may have a poor morals and value system themselves, inadvertently teaching their preschoolers the same behaviors. School-age children may bend to peer pressure to gain the acceptance of their peers. School-Age children may cheat due a desire to win, or pressure from their parents and peers to be great. Short Answer Questions Address the following based on the above assessment findings. Expected answers will be 1-2 paragraphs in length. Cite and reference outside sources used. 1) Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in  expected assessment across the childhood age groups. Across the stages of development from toddler up to school age children there is a significant difference in the amount of guidance needed and the amount independence required. The differences are evident when examining how each developmental phase interacts and responds within each health assessment pattern. Toddler and preschool children need more structure and routine, whether it’s brushing their teeth or bedtime rituals. School-aged children, on the other hand, require more independence and trust in decisions while still being guided and reassured as the develop their own sense of identity. There are similarities as amongst the age groups as well, such as all of the children moving towards a state of autonomy and the ability to express themselves adequately and be heard by either their parents, their peers, or both. Additionally, all of the different age groups have the need for a structured and healthy home environment in order to grow and develop. 2) Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer. When the nurse is caring for a child, the nurse must remember that they are essentially caring for the child and the parent (Jarvis, 2012). For a nurse, the assessment, examination and interaction with a child patient offers its own set of challenges and requires a different approach from that of an adult. When dealing the toddler and preschooler, the nurse should visit with the parent first, letting the child size the nurse up. The nurse can assess child on how they interact and react to the parent and the nurse. This allows the child to see that the caregiver has accepted and trusts the nurse. For the toddler and the preschooler, the parent will be providing most, if not all of the health history. When beginning the physical assessment on the child, move slow and approach them slowly while seeming happy and unthreatening. The nurse should allow the child to hold instruments, like a stethoscope, during the physical exam to help them feel like they are involved in their own care. Having parents there add security and support for children, and also can help with the ease of assessing the  child without them realizing that they are being assessed. With children of each stage of development, the nurse must be cognizant of verbal and non-verbal cues provided by the child. The nurse should be mindful that there could be cultural and/or spiritual considerations to take into account, like when undressing a child of the opposite sex. The nurse needs to ensure that the caregiver and the child feel comfortable. With both children and adults, assessment should start with least invasive and progress leaving most invasive last. School-Age children should be assed like either children or adults depending on their developmental age. Adult assessment can be more direct than that of a child. Ask adults open ended questions, listen to their complaints, and educate as needed. References Current Nursing. (2012). Theory of Psychosocial Development: Erik H. Erikson. Retrieved From http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/theory_of_psychosocial_development.html Edelman, C., Kudzma, E., Mandle, C. (2010). Health Promotion throughout the Life Span [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books /9780323056625 Jarvis, C. (2012). Physical Examination and Health Assessment [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4377-0151-7

Eye Strain as a Result of Computer Use :: Technology Computers Health Vision Essays

Eye Strain as a Result of Computer Use In the twentieth century, technology is at an all time high in the world. This technology includes research, stock market shares, computers, medical advances, and a vast variety of other things. Among the advanced technology is a break through of computer use. Almost everyone at sometime in their day is using a computer for one task or another. Computers have taken the world and reshaped the possibilities of ideas and dreams in the past decade. Millions of people are using a computer daily according to Anshel (1996). This work on the computer can ran range from five minutes a day to eight hours a day depending on they type of job a person holds. Today's job market, employees are accustomed to working with a computer. This could include data entry clerks, an internet consultant, a bank teller, a librarian, and especially secretaries. The field is open to just about anyone. Often overlooked are the students that use computers on a daily basis. Many college students depend on the use of computers classes whether it be for fun or recreational use. Sometimes the convience of using computers comes with a high price to pay. The National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) says that eyestrain is the leading problem in computer use. This even exceeds such common problems as carpal tunnel syndrome. (Atencio 1996) Eyestrain and eye fatigue lead to many other complications if it is a continuous problem. One of these problems includes myopia. There are many ways of relieving eye fatigue and helping the symptoms of myopia. These problems can be onset in younger years when children are in school. Since most schools in the country are using computers as a main source of education, eyestrain can be a linked to myopia. There are many options people or companies have to improve the conditions under which the person is working. Eyestrain is defined as blurred or double vision, burning, irritation, headaches, gritty eye sensation, eye fatigue, neck and shoulder pain, color perception change, decreased visual efficiency, more frequent errors and reduced efficiency. (Atencio 1996, Palmer 1993, Nunoo 1997) Eyestrain is also known as asthenopia. It simply means visual strain. (Palmer 1993) Dr. Paul F. Bommarito also said that 88% of heavy computer users experience these problems. (Fletcher 1996) Palmer suggest that eye fatigue is often caused by the eye muscles becoming tired much like other muscles in our body.

Health Law and Regulations Essay

In understanding regulatory agencies the differences between regulation and legislation needs defining. Legislation is the law that has been passed by a voting process and regulation is the responsibility of the regulatory board appointed to enforce laws once the law is passed; it sets forth rules on how the laws are to be implemented and to what degree. In health care the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has the predominant responsibility to enforce legislation that impacts the health and well-being of Americans. Under the umbrella of HHS there are 13 regulatory agencies tasked with setting rules on the enforcement of the legislation passed by lawmakers. Regulatory Agencies Two of the most influential regulatory agencies within HHS are the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), these two agencies have substantial influence on every aspect of health care delivery. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, medical devices, drugs, vaccines, blood products and biologics. In addition, they monitor medical errors and adverse reactions and reporting such to providers, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). CMS controls the Medicare program and works in collaboration with state governments to oversee Medicaid, and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). In addition to these responsibilities, CMS dispenses criteria from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), surveys and certifies quality standards in long-term care facilities, and clinical laboratories, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). The proportion of national health spending sponsored by both federal, state, and local governments was 45% in 2010, a significant source of revenue depended on by providers of health care, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011). Current FDA Regulations The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPAC Act), amended the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) to create a shortened authorization route for medications found to be â€Å"highly similar† or â€Å"interchangeable† with an FDA-approved medication, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). The goal is similar to the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (â€Å"Hatch-Waxman Act†), which produced condensed methods for the approval of drug products under Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&C Act). The outcome is aimed at the FDA’s instituted policy of allowing confidence on what is already known about a drug, thus protecting time and resources, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). To help increase access to affordable prescription medications, the FDA implemented measures to expedite the development and approval of generic drugs. Generic drugs cost 50 to 70% less than their brand-name counterparts equating to a savings of eight to ten billion dollars a year at retail pharmacies, (Crawford, June). These savings do not include the use of generic drugs in an institutional setting. PPAC expands on the practice of generic drugs and incorporates using medications that have the same efficacy as another more expensive medication leading to more options in the prescribing of medications. The practice of using generic drugs is not without concern. As evidenced by the case Pliva v. Mensing where the question was; the safety standards for brand-name drug labeling also apply to generic-drug manufacturers. The patients in the case took the generic drug metoclopramide and developed tardive dyskinesia, which was listed on the label. The patients argued the warning was not adequate and the manufacturer argued the â€Å"changes being effected† process was not available to generic-drug manufacturers because the FDA requires labels for generic versions of drugs to be identical to those of the brand-name drugs, (Glantz & Annas, 2011). The FDA upheld the manufacturer’s claim although the FDA added the manufacturer had a responsibility to request a label change if the manufacturer knew a stronger warning was needed to market the drug safely. The court found in favor of the manufacturer stating â€Å"federal law still preempted injured patients from bringing lawsuits in state courts, because the state laws in question require a safer label, not communicating with the FDA about the possibility of creating a safer label,† (Glantz & Annas, 2011, p. 682). Despite this regulatory standing, a controversial issue may entail for the FDA in the allowance of medications to be â€Å"interchanged† to promote an additional avenue for savings in prescription medications. Much foresight needs to be included to protect the safety and well-being of patients. Current CMS Regulations The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), is legislation aimed at the adoption and â€Å"meaningful use† of health information technology. CMS was authorized to establish incentive programs for eligible Medicare and Medicaid providers who adopt, implement, upgrade, or â€Å"meaningfully use† certified electronic health records (EHR). The term â€Å"meaningful use† is an acknowledgement that improved health care is not the product of technology but a method to exchange and use health information to support clinical decisions at the point of care. To qualify for CMS’ incentive program the provider must obtain certified electronic health record technology. An incentive of $44 thousand can be achieved by an eligible professional who shows â€Å"meaningful use† over a five year period. Hospitals implementing a certified EHR system can qualify for a t wo million dollar base payment. In 2015 Medicare will implement a reduction in payment to those not displaying â€Å"meaningful use†. The decrease in payment begins at one percent and rises each year that hospitals and providers receiving Medicare payments do not make evident â€Å"meaningful use,† to a maximum reduction of five percent, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011). The use of EHRs is encouraged by touting improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, quality, and safety of health care delivery. A study on the use of EHR in 2952 hospitals in the United States revealed 12% of hospitals had instituted electronic physicians’ notes across all clinical units and 17% had instituted computerized provider-order entry for medications in all clinical units, (Jha, et al., 2009). The cited barriers to implementation of EHR were inadequate capital (74%), maintenance costs (44%), resistance of physicians (36%), unclear return on investment (32%), and lack of available staff with expertise i n information technology (30%), (Jha, et al., 2009). Ironically, the hospitals who had implemented the use of EHRs cited financial reasons such as additional compensation for electronic health record use (82%) and financial enticements for implementation (75%), (Jha, et al., 2009). The estimated cost of purchasing, installing, and implementing an EHR system in a provider’s office is approximately $40,000 and this figure does not reflect the cost of maintenance, (Blumentha, 2009). A survey by the American Hospital Association revealed â€Å"the median annual capital investment on information technology was over $700,000 and represented 15% of all capital expenses. Operating expenses were much higher at $1.7 million, or 2 percent of all operating expenses,† (National Institutes of Health, 2006, p. 18). Although there are indisputable reasons for implementing an EHR system, CMS’ incentive program is merely a pittance compared to the ongoing costs of operational expenses. The concept of all health care providers possessing an EHR system is ideal. As with any form of electronic technology comes the prospect of personal information being violated. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) does provide for penalties from $100 to $1.5 million, depending on the violation and whether it was done unknowingly or willfully and can include imprisonment up to 10 years. HIPAA protects the health information of individuals; â€Å"it does not create a private cause of action for those aggrieved,† (The General Counsel Department of Health and Human Services, 2005). Conclusion Federal regulatory agencies are a necessity to interpret and assist in the implementation of legislation. Without federal regulatory agencies the United States would have over 50 different interpretations on one piece of legislation. The FDA and CMS play a significant role in the ever changing health care arena. The FDA is based on scientific integrity evidenced by the recent publication of defined key principles of scientific integrity. Through this commitment to scientific integrity and quality the FDA provides medical safety to the American people. Through research and establishing guidelines the FDA has been instrumental in making generic drugs available to the public, saving them more than eight billion dollars annually. The PPAC tasked the FDA has been tasked with expanding on the generic drug practice by discovering medications that have the same efficacy as another medications leading to more cost saving options in the prescribing of medications. CMS has been tasked with implementing HITECH that has the promise of decreasing costs and errors in health care delivery. This is a lofty goal with over 80 percent of the United States hospitals without any type of electronic health record in place. The financial incentive provided by the federal government through CMS does not seem to be enough of a motivator to encourage the financial commitment of an EHR. Although, after 2015 when hospitals and providers have not demonstrated â€Å"meaningful use† these providers of Medicare services may be more inclined when losing one percent of their Medicare payments. These regulatory agencies and the legislation cited in this paper are a minute representation of the responsibility and obligation the federal agencies have to protect the well-being of the American people. The cited legislation delegated to these regulatory agencies is not only focused on health but financial constraint and safety of the American people. References Blumentha, D. (2009, April 9). Stimulating the Adoption of Health Information Technology. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0901592 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, October 17). Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Program Basics. Retrieved from CMS.gov: https://www.cms.gov/EHRIncentivePrograms/35_Basics.asp Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, September). National Health Expenditures 2010: Sponsor Highlights. Retrieved from CMS.gov: https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/sponsors.pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from CMS.gov: http://www.cms.gov/home/aboutcms.asp Crawford, L. (June, 23 2004). The Law of Biologic Medicine. Retrieved from FDA: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm113745.htm Glantz, L., & Annas, G. (2011, August 25). Impossible? Outlawing State Safety Laws for Generic Drugs. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1107832 Jha, A., DesRoches, C., Campbell, E. G., Donelan, K., Rao, S., Ferris, T., . . . Blumenthal, D. (2009, April 16). Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0900592#t=articleBackground National Institutes of Health. (2006, April). Electronic Health Records Overview. Retrieved from National Institutes of Health: http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications/informatics/EHR.pdf The General Counsel Departmentof Health and Human Services. (2005, June 1). SCOPE OF CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT UNDER 42 U.S.C.  § 1320d-6. Retrieved from The United States Department of Justice: http://www.justice.gov/olc/hipaa_final.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, November 16). FDA Fundamentals. Retrieved from About FDA: http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm192695.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, March 10). Implementation of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009. Retrieved from U.S. Food and Drug Administration: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm215089.htm

U.S. Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low in 2016

In a trend that has some demographers worried, the birth rate in the United States dropped to its lowest level ever in 2016. Dropping by another full 1% from 2015, there were only 62 births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44. Overall, there were a total of 3,945,875 babies born in the United States during 2016. â€Å"This is the second year that the number of births has declined following an increase in 2014. Prior to that year, the number of births declined steadily from 2007 through 2013,† noted the CDC. According to an analysis issued by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), birth rates in all age groups under age 30 fell to all-time record lows. Among women ages 20 to 24, the decline was 4%. Among women ages 25 to 29, the rate fell 2 percent.   Drop in Teenage Pregnancy Drives Trend In an analysis issued by the National Center for Health Statistics, researchers report that birth rates declined to record lows in all groups under age 30. Among women ages 20 to 24, the decline was 4 percent. For women 25 to 29, the rate fell 2 percent. Driving the trend, the fertility and birth  rate among teenagers and 20-somethings fell by 9% from 2015 to 2016, continuing a long-term decline of 67% since 1991. While they are often used interchangeably, the term â€Å"fertility rate† refers to the number of births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 occurring in a particular year, while â€Å"birth  rate† refers to the fertility rates within particular age groups or specific demographic groups. Does This Mean the Total Population is Falling? The fact that the all-time low fertility and birth  rate puts the United States population below the â€Å"replacement level† — the balance point between births and deaths at which the population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next — does not mean that the total U.S. population is falling. The annual U.S. immigration rate of 13.5% in 2017 still more than compensates for the lower fertility rates. Indeed, while the birth  rate continued to fall consistently throughout the period from 1990 to 2017, the nation’s total population increased by over 74 million people, from 248,709,873 in 1990 to an estimated 323,148,586 in 2017. Potential Dangers of a Falling Birthrate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite a growing total population, some demographers and social scientists worry that if the birth  rate continues to slide, the U.S. could face a â€Å"baby crisis† resulting in cultural and economic pathos. Far more than an indicator of societal trends, a nation’s birth  rate is one of the most significant gauges of its overall demographic health. If the fertility rate falls too far below the replacement level, there is a danger that the nation will lose the ability to replace its aging workforce, leaving it unable to generate the amount of tax revenue needed to keep the economy stable, maintain or grow the infrastructure, and become unable to provide essential government services. On the other side, if birth  rates get too high, overpopulation can strain the nation’s available resources such as housing, social services, and safe food and water.   Over the decades, countries like France and Japan, experiencing the negative effects of a low birth  rate have applied pro-family policies in attempts to encourage couples to have babies. However, in nations such as India, where fertility rates have fallen slightly over the last few decades, residual overpopulation still results in wide-spread starvation and abject poverty. US Birthrates Up Among Older Women The US birth  rate is not falling among all age groups. According to the CDC’s findings, the fertility rate for women ages 30 to 34 rose by 1% over the 2015 rate, and the rate for women ages 35 to 39 went up by 2%, the highest rate in that age group since 1962. The birth  rate among older women ages 40 to 44 also increased, up 4% over 2015. In addition, the fertility rate for women ages 45 to 49 increased to 0.9 births per thousand from 0.8 in 2015. Other Details of US Birthrates in 2016 Unmarried Women: Among unmarried women, the birth rate fell to 42.1 births per 1,000 women, down from 43.5 per 1,000 in 2015. Falling for the eighth consecutive year, the birthrate for unmarried women has now dropped by over 3% since reaching its peak in 2007 and 2008. By race, 28.4% of white babies, 52.5% of Hispanics, and 69.7% of black babies were born to unmarried parents in 2016. Preterm Birthrate: Describing babies born before 37 weeks of gestation, the preterm birth rate increased for the second consecutive year to 9.84% per 1,000 women from 9.63% per 1,000 women in 2015.  This slight increase in preterm births came after a decline of 8% from 2007 to 2014. The highest rate of preterm birth was among non-Hispanic blacks, at 13.75% per 1,000 women, while the lowest was among Asians, at 8.63% per 1,000 women. Use of Tobacco by Mother: For the first time, the CDC reported data on mothers’ use of tobacco during pregnancy. Of the women who gave birth in 2016, 7.2% reported smoking tobacco at some point while pregnant. Tobacco use was the most common earlier in pregnancy — 7.0% of women smoked in their first trimester, 6.0% in their second, and 5.7% in their third. Of the 9.4% of women who reported smoking in the 3 months prior to becoming pregnant, 25.0% quit smoking before pregnancy.